Image sensors face substantial challenges when dealing with dynamic, diverse and unpredictable scenes in open-world applications. However, the development of image sensors towards high speed, high resolution, large dynamic range and high precision is limited by power and bandwidth. Here we present a complementary sensing paradigm inspired by the human visual system that involves parsing visual information into primitive-based representations and assembling these primitives to form two complementary vision pathways: a cognition-oriented pathway for accurate cognition and an action-oriented pathway for rapid response. To realize this paradigm, a vision chip called Tianmouc is developed, incorporating a hybrid pixel array and a parallel-and-heterogeneous readout architecture. Leveraging the characteristics of the complementary vision pathway, Tianmouc achieves high-speed sensing of up to 10,000 fps, a dynamic range of 130 dB and an advanced figure of merit in terms of spatial resolution, speed and dynamic range. Furthermore, it adaptively reduces bandwidth by 90%. We demonstrate the integration of a Tianmouc chip into an autonomous driving system, showcasing its abilities to enable accurate, fast and robust perception, even in challenging corner cases on open roads. The primitive-based complementary sensing paradigm helps in overcoming fundamental limitations in developing vision systems for diverse open-world applications.
Yang, Z., Wang, T., Lin, Y. et al. A vision chip with complementary pathways for open-world sensing. Nature 629, 1027–1033 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07358-4
The complete sequence and comparative analysis of ape sex chromosomes
Apes have two sex chromosomes: the X chromosome (present in both males and females) and the Y chromosome (male-specific and crucial for male reproduction). Variations in mating patterns and brain function among apes suggest differences in their sex chromosomes, but studying these chromosomes has been difficult due to their repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies. Using the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome methodology, researchers produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (bonobo, chimpanzee, western lowland gorilla, Bornean orangutan, and Sumatran orangutan) and a lesser ape (siamang gibbon). They found that ape Y chromosomes vary greatly in size, have low alignability, and high structural rearrangements due to lineage-specific elements, while X chromosomes are more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies showed diversity and selection patterns in the sex chromosomes of over 100 great apes. These assemblies are expected to enhance understanding of human evolution and conservation genetics of endangered non-human apes.
Makova, K.D., Pickett, B.D., Harris, R.S. et al. The complete sequence and comparative analysis of ape sex chromosomes. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07473-2
A metabolic dependency of EBV can be targeted to hinder B cell transformation
Following infection of B cells, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) engages host pathways that mediate cell proliferation and transformation, contributing to the propensity of the virus to drive immune dysregulation and lymphomagenesis. We found that the EBV protein EBNA2 initiates NAD de novo biosynthesis by driving expression of the metabolic enzyme IDO1 in infected B cells. Virus-enforced NAD production sustained mitochondrial complex I activity, to match ATP-production with bioenergetic requirements of proliferation and transformation. In transplant patients, IDO1 expression in EBV-infected B cells, and a serum signature of increased IDO1 activity, preceded development of lymphoma. In humanized mice infected with EBV, IDO1 inhibition reduced both viremia and lymphomagenesis. Virus-orchestrated NAD biosynthesis is, thus, a druggable metabolic vulnerability of EBV-driven B cell transformation—opening therapeutic possibilities for EBV-related diseases.
Bojana Müller-Durovic et al. ,A metabolic dependency of EBV can be targeted to hinder B cell transformation. Science DOI:10.1126/science.adk4898
Quantum interference in atom-exchange reactions
Chemical reactions, where bonds break and form, are highly dynamic quantum processes. A fundamental question is whether coherence can be preserved in chemical reactions and then harnessed to generate entangled products. Here we investigated this question by studying the 2KRb → K2 + Rb2 reaction at 500 nK, focusing on the nuclear spin degrees of freedom. We prepared the initial nuclear spins in KRb in an entangled state by lowering the magnetic field to where the spin-spin interaction dominates and characterized the preserved coherence in nuclear spin wavefunction after the reaction. We observed an interference pattern that is consistent with full coherence at the end of the reaction, suggesting that entanglement prepared within the reactants could be redistributed through the atom-exchange process.
Yi-Xiang Liu et al. ,Quantum interference in atom-exchange reactions. Science DOI:10.1126/science.adl6570
Heart failure promotes multimorbidity through innate immune memory
Heart failure (HF) is often associated with recurrence and the development of comorbidities, but the mechanisms driving multimorbidity in patients with HF are not fully understood. Using a mouse model of HF, Nakayama et al. found that transplantation of bone marrow from these mice spontaneously resulted in cardiac dysfunction in recipient mice. Mice transplanted with HF-experience bone marrow were also more vulnerable to kidney and skeletal muscle injury. HF reprogrammed hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and altered tissue macrophage homeostasis. Together, these finding demonstrate that the bone marrow can carry an innate immune memory of cardiac stress that may exacerbate HF and predispose other organs to pathology. —Claire Olingy
Yukiteru Nakayama et al. ,Heart failure promotes multimorbidity through innate immune memory.Sci. Immunol.9,eade3814(2024). DOI:10.1126/sciimmunol.ade3814
COVID-19 vaccines and adverse events of special interest: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) cohort study of 99 million vaccinated individuals
Participants included 99,068,901 vaccinated individuals. In total, 183,559,462 doses of BNT162b2, 36,178,442 doses of mRNA-1273, and 23,093,399 doses of ChAdOx1 were administered across participating sites in the study period. Risk periods following homologous vaccination schedules contributed 23,168,335 person-years of follow-up. OE ratios with LBCI > 1.5 were observed for Guillain-Barré syndrome (2.49, 95 % CI: 2.15, 2.87) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (3.23, 95 % CI: 2.51, 4.09) following the first dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis showed an OE ratio of 3.78 (95 % CI: 1.52, 7.78) following the first dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine. The OE ratios for myocarditis and pericarditis following BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1 were significantly increased with LBCIs > 1.5.
This multi-country analysis confirmed pre-established safety signals for myocarditis, pericarditis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Other potential safety signals that require further investigation were identified.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.100
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